Showing posts with label Galaxy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Galaxy. Show all posts

10 Satellites Of Milky way Galaxy

10 Satellites Of Milky way Galaxy




            1. Canis Major Dwarf
                                     The Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy is classified as an irregular galaxy. Located about 25,000 light-years away from our Solar System and 42,000 light-years from the Galactic Center.






         2.  Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy :
                                      The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (Sgr dE) is an elliptical loop-shaped satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy and is currently about 70,000 light-years from Earth, travelling in a polar orbit at a distance of about 50,000 light-years from the core of the Milky Way.






             3.  Ursa Major II Dwarf :
                                                Ursa Major II Dwarf (UMa II dSph) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy






        4.  Large Magellanic Cloud :
                                          The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a nearby irregular galaxy, and a satellite of the Milky Way. 






         5.  Boötes Dwarf Galaxy :
                                           The Boötes Dwarf Galaxy (Boo I dSph) is a faint galaxy. It lies about 197 kilolight-years (60.4 kiloparsecs) away in the constellation Boötes






                6.   Small Magellanic Cloud :
                                            The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a dwarf galaxy. At a distance of about 200,000 light-years.






            7. Draco Dwarf :
                                   The Draco Dwarf is a spheroidal galaxy which was discovered by Albert George Wilson






                8. Carina Dwarf Spheroidal :
                                           The Carina Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf galaxy in the Carina constellation





               9.  Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal :
                                          The Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal is an elliptical dwarf galaxy in the constellation Fornax






                 10.  Barnard's Galaxy :
                                    NGC 6822 (also known as Barnard's Galaxy, IC 4895, or Caldwell 57) is a barred irregular galaxy approximately 1.6 million light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.





                                   



















Posted by Unknown | at 01:37 | 10 comments

Irregular Galaxy

Irregular Galaxy


                                                                As the name suggests, "irregular" galaxies have no specific form, and so the group contains a very diverse selection of objects. In fact, there are two types of irregular galaxy. Type I's are usually single galaxies of peculiar appearance. They contain a large fraction of young stars, and show the luminous nebulae that are also visible in spiral galaxies. Type II irregulars include the group known as interacting or disrupting galaxies, in which the strange appearance is due to two or more galaxies colliding, merging or otherwise interacting gravitationally. Type II's appear to contain a large amount of dust.

                                                               Most irregulars are small and faint. The dwarf irregulars may be the most common type of galaxy in the universe (or maybe the dwarf ellipticals are). The estimates of the number of dwarf irregulars and dwarf ellipticals are based on the proportions of these types of galaxies in nearby groups. The dwarf galaxies far away are too faint to be seen and are, therefore, overlooked in surveys of the sky. Perhaps if the dwarf galaxies were brighter, Hubble would have arranged the galaxies in a different sequence instead of the two-pronged sequence. Examples of irregular galaxies are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (two small irregulars that orbit the Milky Way). 



Type 1 Irregular Galaxy : 

 ( ngc55)

                                                               In the light of the name "irregular", it is perhaps surprising that some systematic structure is observed in the type I galaxies. In fact, they are most closely related to spirals, and this is a relation which is alluded to in the presence of disks and bulges like their more orderly counterparts. However, it is here that the similarity ends, since the disks of irregular galaxies certainly show no sign of the spiral structure, and the galactic bulges are not even located at the centre of the object .These galaxies may in some ways be regarded as "primitive". They are relatively poor in "heavy" elements    


  
Type II irregulars galaxy : 


                                                             
                                                          Type II irregular galaxies are remarkable, and often very spectacular, objects. They can be formed by several mechanisms, and one of the most common is a gravitational interaction with another nearby galaxy.
                                                           The idea of collisions between galaxies might at first seem unlikely. In general, galaxies are widely scattered, and there exists so much space between one and the next, that only one collision would occur in around 100 times the age of the universe, so that we would not expect to see any of these objects. However, it must be remembered that galaxies often exist in clusters, where the average spacing between cluster members is much smaller.
                                         

Posted by Unknown | at 01:23 | 0 comments

Elliptical Galaxy

Elliptical Galaxy

                                                       Elliptical galaxies are also named because of their shapes. Elliptical galaxies range from circular (remember, a circle is an ellipse!) to long, narrow, and cigar-shaped.

                                                       Elliptical galaxies have a large range of sizes. The largest elliptical galaxies can be over a million light-years in diameter. The smallest "dwarf elliptical" galaxies are less than one-tenth the size of the Milky Way!      
  
                                                       Elliptical galaxies are usually large, containing hundreds of millions to trillions of stars. The biggest galaxies in the Universe are elliptical galaxies. They’re the result of many collisions between smaller galaxies, and all these collisions have destroyed the delicate spiral structure that we see in our own galaxy. And they’re usually old. Elliptical galaxies look redder than spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. That’s because they contain old, red stars and have very low rates of star formation. All of the available gas and dust was already used up in the past, and now all that remains are these old red stars. They also have large populations of globular star clusters.

                                                       Elliptical galaxies are usually found in the most violent places in the Universe, like at the heart of galaxy clusters and in compact groups of galaxies. In these places, elliptical galaxies have had an accelerated life, with many galaxy mergers and several periods of star formation. These constant mergers and collisions increased their size and used up all the gas available for star formation.

                                                      Elliptical galaxies are sub-classified according to how flat they are. The number next to the ``E'' in the tuning fork diagram = 10×(largest diameter - smallest diameter) / (largest diameter), so an E7 galaxy is flatter than an E0 galaxy. The flattened shape is not due to rotational flattening but to how the orbits are oriented and the distribution of the star velocities. Most ellipticals are small and faint. The dwarf ellipticals may be the most common type of galaxy in the universe (or maybe the dwarf irregulars are). Examples of elliptical galaxies are M32 (an E2 dwarf elliptical next to the Andromeda Galaxy) and M87 (a huge elliptical in the center of the Virgo cluster).
 
 
 
 
E0 ( M87 In Virgo)


E1 (M105)


E2 (M32)


Between E3 and E5 (M59)


E6 (M110)
 
 
E7
 






 

Posted by Unknown | at 02:14 | 0 comments

Types of Galaxy

Spiral Galaxy


                                                             Spiral galaxies have flattened disks with a spiral pattern in the disk. The spiral arms can go all of the way into the bulge or be attached to the ends of a long bar of gas and dust that bisects the bulge. The four distinguishing characteristics of the spirals are: (a) they have more orderly, rotational motion than random motion (the rotation refers to the disk as a whole and means that the star orbits are closely confined to a narrow range of angles and are fairly circular); (b) they have some or a lot of gas and dust between the stars; (c) this means they can have new star formation occuring in the disk, particularly in the spiral arms; and (d) they have a spiral structure
.
                                                       Spiral galaxies are sub-classified into ``a'', ``b'', ``c'', and ``d'' groups according to how loose their spiral arms are and how big the nucleus is. The ``a'' group spirals have large bulges and very tightly wound spiral arms and the ``d'' group spirals have almost no bulge and very loose arms. The Milky Way is between the ``b'' and ``c'' groups with a bar, so it is an SBbc-type spiral galaxy. Most spirals are luminous. Some other examples of spiral galaxies are M31 (the Andromeda Galaxy) and M33 (a small spiral in the Local Group). 
  
                                                        Spiral arms are regions of stars that extend from the center of spiral and barred spiral galaxy. These long, thin regions resemble a spiral and thus give spiral galaxies their name. Naturally, different classification of spiral galaxies have distinct arm-structures. Sc and SBc galaxies, for instance, have very "loose" arms, whereas Sa and SBa galaxies have tightly wrapped arms (with reference to the Hubble sequence). Either way, spiral arms contain a great many young, blue stars (due to the high mass density and the high rate of star formation), which make the arms so remarkable.

                                                           A bulge is a huge, tightly packed group of stars. The term commonly refers to the central group of stars found in most spiral galaxies.
                                                           Using the Hubble classification, the bulge of Sa galaxies is usually composed of population II stars, that are old, red stars with low metal content. Further, the bulge of Sa and SBa galaxies tends to be large. In contrast, the bulges of Sc and SBc galaxies are much smaller and are composed of young, blue Population I stars. Some bulges have similar properties to those of elliptical galaxies (scaled down to lower mass and luminosity); others simply appear as higher density centers of disks, with properties similar to disk galaxies.
                                                          Many bulges are thought to host a supermassive black hole at their centers. Such black holes have never been directly observed, but many indirect proofs exist. In our own galaxy, for instance, the object called Sagittarius A* is believed to be a supermassive black hole. There is a tight correlation between the mass of the black hole and the velocity dispersion of the stars in the bulge, the M-sigma region










 spiral galaxy type Sa ( M104 in virgo)




spiral galaxy type Sb  (M81)





spiral galaxy type Sc (M51)





spiral galaxy type SBa (M83 in Hydra)





spiral galaxy type SBb (NGC1365)





spiral galaxy type SBc (M109)







Oldest Spiral Galaxy in Universe Discovered

(galaxy BX442, which is 10.7 billion light-years from Earth, and its companion dwarf galaxy (upper left)).

Posted by Unknown | at 21:21 | 0 comments

Milky Way

Milky Way Facts

  •   It’s warped. 
                                 The Milky Way is a disk about 120,000 light years across , with a central bulge that has a diameter of 12,000 light years. The disk is far from perfectly flat though, as can be seen in the picture below. What warped it? Two of the galaxy’s neighbors – the Large and Small Magellanic clouds – have been pulling on the dark matter in the Milky Way like in a game of galactic tug-of-war. The tugging sets up a sort of oscillating frequency that pulls on the hydrogen gas (of which the Milky Way has lots of)

  •  It has over 200 billion stars
                              As galaxies go, the Milky Way is a middleweight. The largest galaxy known, IC1101, has over 100 trillion stars, and other large galaxies can have more than a trillion stars. Smaller galaxies like the aforementioned Large Magellanic Cloud, have about 10 Billion Stars. The Milky Way has between 200-400 billion stars, but when you look up into the night sky the most you can see from any one point on the Earth is about 2,500. We aren’t stuck with this many stars forever, though, because the Milky Way is constantly losing stars – through supernovae – and producing stars, getting about seven stars per year



  • It’s really dusty and gassy.
                             You may not think so by looking at it, but the Milky Way is full of dust and gas. And when I say full of dust, I mean that we can only see out about 6,000 light years into the disk of our own galaxy in the visible spectrum, and the galaxy is about 100,000 light years across! The dust and gas makes up a whopping 10-15% of the “normal matter” in the galaxy, with the remainder being stars. The thickness of the dust deflects visible light, but infrared light can pass through the dust, which makes infrared telescopes like the Spitzer Space telescope extremely valuable tools in mapping and studying the galaxy. Spitzer can peer through the dust to give us extraordinarily clear views of what is going on at the heart of the galaxy and in star-forming regions.


  • It’s made up of other galaxies.
                            The Milky Way wasn’t always as it is today, a beautiful barred spiral. It became its current size and shape by eating up other galaxies. It’s still doing so today – the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way because its stars are currently being added to the Milky Way’s disk, and our galaxy has consumed others in its long history, such as the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy
  •  There is a black hole at the center.
                            Most galaxies have a supermassive black hole at the center. Ours is no exception. The Center of our galaxy  is called Sagittarius A* (pronounced “A-star”), and it houses a black hole with a mass of 40,000 Suns that is 14 million miles across (about the size of Mercury’s orbit). But this is just the black hole itself. All of the mass trying to get into the black hole – called the accretion disk – forms a disk that has a mass of 4 million Suns, and would fit inside the orbit of the Earth. Though like other black holes, Sgr A* tries to consume anything that happens to be nearby, Star formation has been detected near this black hole. 


  • It’s almost as old as the Universe itself.

                     The most current estimate for the age of the Universe is about 13.7 billion years. Our Milky Way has been around for about 13.6 billion of those years, give or take 800 million years. The oldest stars in our the Milky Way are found in globular clusters, and the age of the galaxy is determined by taking the age of these stars, and then extrapolating the age of what preceded them. Though some of the constituents of the Milky Way have been around for a long time, the disk and bulge themselves didn’t form until about 10-12 billion years ago, and the bulge may have formed earlier than the rest of the galaxy.



















Posted by Unknown | at 00:16 | 0 comments

Galaxy

Picture Of The Day
(Stars and Galaxies)


Galaxy
                                                        A Galaxy is a massive,  gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly understood component called darkmatter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally "milky", a reference to the Milky way. Examples of galaxies range from dwafs with as few as ten million (107) stars to giants with a hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting their galaxy's own center of mass.
                                                      Galaxies contain varying amounts of star systems, star clusters and types of interstellar clouds. In between these objects is a sparse interstellar medium of gas, dust, and cosmic rays. Dark matter appears to account for around 90% of the mass of most galaxies. Observational data suggests that super massive black holes  may exist at the center of many, if not all, galaxies. They are thought to be the primary driver of active galactic nuclei found at the core of some galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy appears to harbor at least one such object.
                                                    Galaxies have been historically categorized according to their apparent shape; usually referred to as their visual morphology. A common form is the elliptical galaxy, which has an ellipse-shaped light profile. Spiral galaxies are disk-shaped with dusty, curving arms. Those with irregular or unusual shapes are known as irregular galaxies and typically originate from disruption by the gravitational pull of neighboring galaxies. Such interactions between nearby galaxies, which may ultimately result in a merging, sometimes induce significantly increased incidents of star formation leading to starbust galaxies. Smaller galaxies lacking a coherent structure are referred to as irregular galaxies

Posted by Unknown | at 02:59 | 0 comments